ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANEMIA LITERACY AND ANEMIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY AT AN INDEPENDENT MIDWIFERY PRACTICE IN INDONESIA

Latifah Hanum; Rita Sri Kurniawati; Dewi Rakhmawati; Khoirul Anam

doi:10.34035/jk.v17i2.2073

Authors

Latifah Hanum Diploma III Program Of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Islam Jember, Indonesia
Rita Sri Kurniawati Diploma III Program Of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Islam Jember, Indonesia
Dewi Rakhmawati Diploma III Program Of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Islam Jember, Indonesia
Khoirul Anam Diploma III Program Of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Islam Jember, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34035/jk.v17i2.2073

Keywords:

anemia literacy, antenatal care, health literacy, iron deficiency anemia, maternal anemia, pregnancy

Abstract

Background: Anemia in pregnant women remains a prevalent health issue and contributes to an increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications. One factor suspected to play a role is low anemia literacy, which affects pregnant women's ability to understand health information and make decisions about anemia prevention. Low literacy can lead to poor adherence to iron supplementation and suboptimal dietary patterns, particularly in iron intake. This study aims to analyze the relationship between anemia literacy and the incidence of anemia among pregnant women at TPMB Cindy Yosy.
Methods: This study employed a correlational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The research sample consisted of 31 pregnant women selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using a validated 20–item questionnaire to measure anemia literacy and hemoglobin level examinations to determine anemia status. The methodology section briefly specifies that the instrument was validated and ethical approval was obtained. Data analysis was conducted using the Spearman Rho test.
Results: Most respondents had poor anemia literacy (77.4%) and the majority experienced mild anemia (87.1%). The Spearman Rho test yielded a p-value = 0.000 (<0.05) with a correlation coefficient (rs) = +1.000, indicating a positive association with a very strong correlation between anemia literacy and the incidence of anemia in this sample distribution, which requires cautious interpretation.
Conclusion: There is a significant association between anemia literacy and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. Lower anemia literacy is associated with a higher incidence of anemia in pregnant women.

References

Aghadi, C. O., et al. (2022). Factors influencing compliance with iron-folic acid supplementation among pregnant women: A systematic review. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2022, Article ID 8493721. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8493721

Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan. (2023). Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023 Dalam Angka. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/laporan-hasil-survei-kesehatan-indonesia-ski-2023/

Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S. L., Donahue, K. E., Halpern, D. J., & Crotty, K. (2019). Low health literacy and health outcomes: An updated systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.7326/M11-0457

Breymann, C. (2020). Iron deficiency and anaemia in pregnancy: Modern aspects of diagnosis and therapy. Blood Reviews, 42, 100650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2020.100650

Ghazali, I. (2020). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2020). Pedoman pencegahan dan penanggulangan anemia pada ibu hamil. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI. https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/pub/buku-pedoman-anemia-ibu-hamil

Notoatmodjo, S. (2020). Metodologi penelitian kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Nutbeam, D. (2021). Health literacy as a public health goal. Health Promotion International, 36(1), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daq073

Putri, A. R., & Susanti, D. (2022). Pengetahuan dan kepatuhan konsumsi tablet tambah darah pada ibu hamil. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 16(1), 67–74. https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/healthedication/article/view/45123 (accessed April 4,2026)

Sari, M., et al. (2022). Health literacy and adherence to iron supplementation among pregnant women. International Journal of Public Health, 67, 160–168. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604473.

Setiawan, A., & Saryono. (2020). Metodologi penelitian kebidanan. Yogyakarta: Nuha Medika.

Stevens, G. A., et al. (2022). Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and anaemia. The Lancet Global Health, 10(5), e627–e639. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00093-X

Smith, J., et al. (2021). The role of functional health literacy in maternal anemia management. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 25(4), 610-619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-03061-w

Sugiyono. (2019). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Sun, H., et al. (2024). Nutritional interventions and health literacy strategies to combat gestational anemia: A recent update. Nutrients, 16(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010088.

Suryani, L., dkk. (2022). Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil tentang Nutrisi dan Hubungannya dengan Kadar Hemoglobin. Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan Indonesia, 12(3). https://journals.stikim.ac.id/index.php/jiki/article/view/1654. (accessed April 4,2026).

UNICEF. (2023). Undernourished and Overlooked: A Global Crisis of Undernutrition in Adolescent Girls and Women. New York: UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/reports/undernourished-and-overlooked

Wong, L. P., & Chen, X. Y. (2022). Family support as a moderator of health literacy and maternal health outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159201

World Health Organization. (2021). Anaemia in women and children. Geneva: WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

Wulandari, D., et al. (2020). Hubungan pengetahuan dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 15(2), 123–130. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/kemas/article/view/21345. (accessed April 6,2026)